In the era of the IoT system where there are billions of device that are expected to reach about 30 billion by the end of 2020 [35], there are a huge amount of data that cannot be processed using conventional methods. Today, various forms of malware are proliferating, automatically spreading (worm behavior), providing remote control access (Trojan horse/backdoor behavior), and sometimes concealing their activities on the compromised host (rootkit behavior). Copyright © 2020 MailXaminer. Digital forensics techniques are being extensively used in the UAV/drone domain. By employing techniques that thwart reverse engineering, encode and conceal network traffic, and minimize the traces left on file systems, malicious code developers are making both discovery and forensic analysis more difficult. No single approach can address all situations, and some of these goals may not apply in certain cases. presented a generic framework for Network Forensics (NF) which involves the analysis of network data traveling through firewalls or intrusion detection systems. Digital forensic science is a branch of forensic science that focuses on the recovery and investigation of material found in digital devices related to cybercrime. This course is essential to anyone encountering digital evidence while conducting an investigation. The recent FBI probe into Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton’s private email likely mirrored eDiscovery tactics used by DriveSavers when processing electronically stored information (ESI) and digital evidence for law firms, corporations, government agencies, educational institutions and individuals. Even though there have been significant advancements in how digital forensic tools and techniques have helped to reduce the time required to work with digital evidence, there still remains the underlying issue of the how organization can efficiently manage the data volumes that need to be gather and processed during a forensic investigation. According to a new CSIS report, “going dark” is not the most pressing problem facing law enforcement in the age of digital data:. Figure 3.2 shows the loopback interface being used to mount a forensic duplicate so that it is accessible as a logical volume on the forensic examination system without altering the original evidentiary data. Many of the traditional tools, processes, and procedures that have been developed over the years are not relevant in a cloud environment. Whether responding to a security incident, data breach, or in support of litigation, the ill-prepared organization will find itself at a severe (and potentially costly) disadvantage. Identification: the type of incident is identified, 2. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. This trend started with kernel loadable rootkits on UNIX and has evolved into similar concealment methods on Windows systems. In addition, forensic examination of a compromised Linux computer can reveal manipulation such as log deletion and date-time tampering. No one approach or tool can serve all needs in a forensic examination. In other words, there is no one device that can be connected to and all the required evidence and logs gathered from. This verification process can be as simple as comparing the MD5 value of the forensic duplicate before and after mounting the file system and performing simple operations such as copying files. Organization must, at all times, ensure that their storage solutions adhere to the best practices for maintaining the integrity and authenticity of digital evidence and not risk the data being inadmissible in a court of law. In [331], Mantas et al. Since then, it has expanded to cover the investigation of any devices that can store digital data. There may be multiple types of malware on a computer, with more obvious signs of infection presenting a kind of smoke screen that may distract from more subtle traces of compromise. By employing techniques that thwart reverse engineering, encode and conceal network traffic, and minimize the traces left on file system, malicious code developers are making both discovery and forensic analysis more difficult. ▸ These goals are provided as a guideline and not as a checklist for performing Linux forensic analysis. Definition. The aim of development of this field to identify the potential digital threats and fight with cyber crimes by use of digital analysis techniques. ”. It is therefore imperative appropriate mechanisms are put in place whereby such evidence and artifacts can be transferred in a secure manner with a legally sound chain of custody record in place. One of the primary reasons that developers of malicious code are taking such extraordinary measures to protect their creations is that, once the functionality of malware has been decoded, digital investigators know what traces and patterns to look for on the compromised host and in network traffic. This model includes multiple phases to allow a digital investigator to recheck all previous phases during an investigation process, including the preparation and identification phase,weight measurement and customization check phase [335], fingerprints phase, memory card phase [336], geo-location phase [336–338], and Wi-Fi & Bluetooth phase [339]. So, the analysis of one malware specimen may lead to further forensic examination of the compromised host, which uncovers additional malware that requires further analysis; this cyclical analysis ultimately leads to a comprehensive reconstruction of the incident. The biggest benefit open source software provides to the examiner is the code itself. By generating a single time line for all systems, forensic analysts are more likely to observe relationships and gaps. ▸ Although forensic tools can support sophisticated analysis, they cannot solve every problem relating to a malware incident. This digital forensic investigation process will help you to understand more about the email header data. But, this paradigm creates various issues because many countries do not allow data and information goes outside their boundaries. A comprehensive study on compliance and legal security issues and solutions. Understanding the principles of digital forensics is essential for anyone looking to attain The Certified Computer Forensics Examiner (CCFE) certification. AI can provide several solutions to overcome the growth of cybercrime and limitations in time and resources to apply the processes of digital forensics and digital investigations to obtain timely results. This will help an investigating officer to examine and identify the crimes that occurred through the email. As a result, malware analysis has become a forensic discipline – welcome to the era of malware forensics. Further results revealed that data can be forensically acquired by manually extracting the drone’s Secure Digital (SD) card. At last month’s Congresses Computer security researchers presented their work in the different areas of security. Because the majority of malware functionality was easily observable, there was little need for a digital investigator to perform in-depth analysis of the code. In many cases, little evidence remains on the compromised host and the majority of useful investigative information lies in the malware itself. However, recently several anti-forensics techniques have been developed to prevent investigators from finding and/or collecting evidence, which necessitates the development of efficient countermeasures to recover valid evidence. In fact, the wealth of information that can be extracted from malware has made it an integral and indispensable part of intrusion investigation and identity theft cases. In [324], Pilli et al. In Some scenario, if some accident takes place, it is hard to identify which party is responsible. It is important to look in all areas of a Linux system where traces of malware might be found, even if a quick look in a few common places reveals obvious signs of infection. Therefore, during investigation, forensic experts face complex challenges in finding the evidence from emails, attachments, etc. The security experts concern number of issues in the clouds forensics part such issues are unsound forensic data in the virtualized environment, lack of validation for disk images due to computational overhead or lack of cryptographic mechanisms, and evidence acquisition. FIGURE 3.2. The interoperability in the cloud infrastructure creates protocol, data format and API related security issue. In [327], Bouafif et al. This massive amount of data refers to the term “Big Data”. highlighted various drone forensics challenges and presented the results of their digital forensic analysis performed on a Parrot AR drone 2.0. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. As noted in prior chapters, knowing the time period of the incident and knowing what evidence of malware was observed can help digital investigators develop a strategy for scouring compromised computers for relevant digital evidence. Thus, the cloud user is unable to find legal or trusted service providers. One of the first practical (or at least publicized) examples of digital forensics was Cliff Stoll's pursuit of hacker Markus Hess in 1986. The issue hardware confiscation arises due to law of enforcement. The dishonest or malicious operations in the cloud promote the legal agreement issues. And since there are currently increasingly sophisticated image manipulation tools available, which make it difficult to identify characteristics of interest… Hany F. Atlam, ... Gary B. Wills, in Internet of Things, 2020. (2013). The digital forensic incident response involves all the steps that are taken to reduce the extent of the cyber-attack. Benefits Of This Course: In [326], Jain et al. The cross-platform SaaS application concept is a barrier for the development of an appropriate and applicable platform for cloud devices. Conventional digital forensics techniques cannot handle this huge volume of data as these techniques require the digital forensic investigator to manually sift through data in order to find appropriate evidence, which becomes nearly impossible with the massive amount of collected data from the crime scene [36]. Digital Forensics is defined as the process of preservation, identification, extraction, and documentation of computer evidence which can be used by the court of law. In this era of digitalization, email emerges as the most widely used method to communicate and transfer the data. During an incident it may be necessary for the provider and customer to exchange forensics data. ▸ The hard drive of a Linux computer can contain traces of malware in various places and forms, including malicious files, configuration scripts, log files, Web browser history, and remnants of installation and execution such as system logs and command history. To avoid mistakes and missed opportunities, it is necessary to compare the results of multiple tools, to employ different analysis techniques, and to verify important findings manually. The results of malware analysis must be accurate and verifiable, to the point that they can be relied on as evidence in an investigation or prosecution. Today as computer intruders become more cognizant of digital forensic techniques, malicious code is increasingly designed to obstruct meaningful analysis. Mapping The Forensic Standard ISO/IEC 27037 to Cloud Computing.4. One effective approach is to insert new findings into a time line of events that gradually expands as the forensic analysis proceeds. Due to the nature of the cloud traditional, And, as computer intruders become more cognizant of, Malware Forensics Field Guide for Linux Systems, Security analysis of drones systems: Attacks, limitations, and recommendations, Cloud security issues and challenges: A survey, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, Malware Forensics Field Guide for Windows Systems, Cross platform forensic techniques, public cloud, data locality, legal authority, E-discovery, Data seizing and confiscation, Forensic data unsoundness rendering due to virtualization, Use Oruta (one ring to rule them all) approach, Lack of validation for disk images, weak encryption scheme, Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) privacy framework, Providers and customers have different interests, Data migration, price growth, security and reliability problem, service termination, provider termination, Need to frame unified regulatory compliance. Electronic evidence is a component of almost all criminal activities and digital forensics support is crucial for law enforcement investigations. This article will briefly explain anti-forensic hiding techniques, destruction methods, and spoofing to give you the knowledge needed when you take your exam. The attacker sends large number of request for consuming the bandwidth. Also, whatever systems are used to maintain a chain of custody for whatever evidence or artifacts are passed from one party to another. Currently, cybercrime is an increasing danger. This chapter demonstrates the full capabilities of open source forensics tools. The BYOD concept also brings new threats because they sense user private data or business data. One of the primary reasons that developers of malicious code are taking such extraordinary measures to protect their creations is that, once the functionality of malware has been decoded, digital investigators know what traces and patterns to look for on the compromised host and in network traffic. The SLA is signed by the both parties to show they are agree with this agreement. A sample header set of an email message, which is sent by tariq@traiq.com pretending to be alice@alice.com and sent to bob@bob.com is shown in the table mentioned above. Such anti-anti-forensics solutions should be designed in a way to preserve the main functionalities of drone systems while resisting anti-forensics methods. In the services usage context, the different interest between different cloud users arise new security issues. In many cases, someone in the information security community would perform a basic functional analysis of a piece of malware and publish it on the Web. Linux system being examined using The Sleuth Kit Autopsy GUI. Some versions of Linux or some mounting methods may not prevent all changes, particularly when processes are being run as root. In the good old days, digital investigators could discover and analyze malicious code on computer systems with relative ease. This framework includes two tiers: First-Tier: involves assessment and incident response phase,data collection and analysis phase, and presenting findings and incident closure phase. Digital forensic examinations use computer-generated data as their source. While digital forensics techniques are used in more contexts than just criminal investigations, the principles and procedures are more or less the same no matter the investigation. MailXaminer tool is definitely a smart utility for all the forensics examiners who need to handle and work with their case in a seamless manner. There is also the issue of forensically capturing such images from multitenanted environments, in particular how to isolate a compromised system from other “clean” systems. The goal of computer forensics is to perform a structured investigation while maintaining a documented chain of evidence to find out exactly what happened on a computing device and who was responsible for it. One of the most versatile and reliable Email Examiner Software to carry out the forensic examination of emails is MailXaminer. The business model allows for its customer to rent the bandwidth, service and resource usage on the basis of pay as you go manner. Under encryption, the data is converted into an unreadable format (“encrypted data” or “ciphertext”) using a pair of keys. There are three basic and essential principles in digital forensics: that the evidence is acquired without altering it; that this is demonstrably so; and that analysis is conducted in an accountable and repeatable way. Although the success of any investigation is based on the knowledge and experience of the forensic investigator, AI can provide useful set of tools to handle complexity issues and more importantly address the challenges associated with speed and capacity of digital investigation data, by identifying the most relevant areas for investigation and excluding areas where results are less likely [38]. Many of the earliest forensic examinations followed the … Jason Sachowski, in Implementing Digital Forensic Readiness, 2016, The rapidly increasing size of electronic storage medium is most certainly the biggest challenge facing organizations today. Therefore, prior to performing forensic analysis of a compromised computer, it is advisable to review all information from the Field Interview Questions in Chapter 1 to avoid wasted effort and missed opportunities. Therefore, it is important to use all of the information available from other sources to direct a forensic analysis of the compromised system, including interview notes, spearphishing e-mails, volatile data, memory dumps, and logs from the system and network. Look for links to other systems that may be involved. As a result, malware analysis has become a forensic discipline—welcome to the era of malware forensics. Thus, in the above section, we have explained all the major digital forensic investigation techniques that may help the investigators to perform the examination in a trouble-free way and the procedure to analyze header data in email header forensics. The provider will therefore need to capture the appropriate data only, while still preserving the evidence. The cloud technology is a new technology, the used cyberlaws and acts does not completely secure the cloud systems. Raj Samani, ... Jim Reavis, in CSA Guide to Cloud Computing, 2015. Digital Forensic Tools. Use this information to determine when the malware incident occurred and what else was done to the system around that time, ultimately generating a time line of potentially malicious events. Sometimes attackers sent obscene images through emails. presented an open source forensics tool, DRone Open source Parser (DROP), which parses proprietary data files extracted from the DJI Phantom III nonvolatile internal storage, and text files located on the mobile device controlling the drone. This is particularly useful when dealing with multiple compromised computers. The governance issue is the last and the more subjective issue in the cloud. Digital forensic incident response, on the other hand, refers to the processes that are taken into consideration as an approach towards addressing and managing the aftermath of computer crime or cyber-attack. Due to the nature of the cloud traditional digital forensic techniques may not be possible to capture evidence or other data. Jean-Paul Yaacoub, ... Ali Chehab, in Internet of Things, 2020. The cloud data is moved from one place to another place, rather than stored in a physical storage. Solutions of such issue are hard to find for both consumer and provider. However, capturing an image of a VM fails to capture the volatile data that may be in the memory of that machine, which in turn could lead to the loss of critical evidence that was stored in memory. Additionally, this study also focuses on the investigation of metadata, port scanning, etc. In [324], Pilli et al. Perform keyword searches for any specific, known details relating to a malware incident. The term digital forensics was first used as a synonym for computer forensics. As more investigations rely on understanding and counteracting malware, the demand for formalization and supporting documentation has grown. There are great many passionate screeds about the benefits of open source software, the ethics of software licensing, and the evils of proprietary software. Capturing all the data from a cloud-based system may also include data and information belonging not just to one customer, but also to other customers of the cloud service provider. Foremost, there is a need to design a storage solution that can easily adapt to the continuously growing volumes of data that need to be accessed in both real time and near real time. The SLA is a document plays an important role in the cloud business model. Tools for extracting attributes from EXT entries such as The Sleuth Kit and Autopsy GUI shown in Figure 3.1 are presented in the Toolbox section at the end of this chapter. This allows a network-based investigation to detect and identify anomalies in the traffic. Thus, it is important to know how the recording function works to intercept the data and translate it into a human readable form. The barrier defines in terms of data collection, resemblance, and data verification. Misuse by transmission of virus, worms, trojan horses, and other malicious programs with an intent to spread them over the internet etc. Cameron Malin, ... James Aquilina, in Linux Malware Incident Response, 2013. Traditional computer forensics focuses on the ability to physically attach to a device, be that a computer, a disk, or a phone, and to then take an image of that device, which can then be investigated and examined. Moreover, a UAV forensic investigation process was presented in [333], followed a step-by-step process based on three main initial phases. Thus, the customer point of view it is hard to find the produce bill is correct or wrong. Follow the digital forensics investigation procedure given in the above section to implement the investigation process in an effective yet smart way. 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